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01 · Anchor passage
My city opened a new metro line, cutting one commuter's journey from seventy minutes to forty.
/maɪ ˈsɪti ˈoʊpənd ə nju ˈmɛtɹoʊ laɪn, ˈkʌtɪŋ wʌn kəˈmjutɚz ˈd͡ʒɚni fɹʌm ˈsɛvənti ˈmɪnɪts tə ˈfɔɹti./
我的城市开通了一条新的地铁线路，将通勤者的旅程从七十分钟缩短到四十分钟。
My city opened a — 保留结构，替换真实细节。At first, this looked like a small decision about cities, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt ˈsɪtiz, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
起初，这看起来像是一个关于城市的小决定，但其结果很快就变得显而易见。
result — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The case raises a broader question: how density creates both opportunity and pressure.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ ˈdɛnsɪti kɹiˈeɪts boʊθ ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti ænd ˈpɹɛʃɚ./
该案提出了一个更广泛的问题：密度如何创造机会和压力。
The case raises a — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Although the first result was positive, the team waited until more evidence became available.
/ɔlˈðoʊ ðə fɚst ɹɪˈzʌlt wəz ˈpɑzɪtɪv, ðə tim ˈweɪtɪd ʌnˈtɪl mɔɹ ˈɛvədəns bɪˈkeɪm əˈveɪləbəl./
尽管第一个结果是积极的，但研究小组一直等到更多证据出现。
evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The example draws attention to an urban area, which can shape how people respond to cities.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ən ˈɚbən ˈɛɹiə, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz./
这个例子提请注意一个城市地区，它可以决定人们如何应对城市。
urban area — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A closer look at a traffic congestion reveals a practical side of cities that general opinions often miss.
/ə ˈkloʊsɚ lʊk æt ə ˈtɹæfɪk kənˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən ɹɪˈvilz ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl saɪd əv ˈsɪtiz ðæt ˈd͡ʒɛnɚəl əˈpɪnjənz ˈɔftən mɪs./
仔细观察交通拥堵，可以揭示一般观点常常忽视的城市实际的一面。
traffic congestion — 保留结构，替换真实细节。One key factor can explain why people experience cities in different ways.
/wʌn ki ˈfæktɚ kən ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈsɪtiz ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz./
一个关键因素可以解释为什么人们以不同的方式体验城市。
factor — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Values, resources, and past experience can influence behaviour related to cities.
/ˈvæljuz, ˈɹisɔɹsɪz, ænd pæst ɪkˈspɪɹiəns kən ˈɪnfluəns bɪˈheɪvjɚ ɹɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈsɪtiz./
价值、资源和过去的经验可以影响与城市有关的行为。
influence behaviour — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A long-term consequence of cities may be less visible than the immediate result.
/ə lɔŋ tɚm ˈkɑnsəkwəns əv ˈsɪtiz meɪ bi lɛs ˈvɪzɪbəl ðən ðə ɪˈmidiɪt ɹɪˈzʌlt./
城市的长期后果可能不如直接结果那么明显。
long-term consequence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A balanced approach to cities compares benefits, costs, and the needs of different groups.
/ə ˈbælənst əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ tə ˈsɪtiz kəmˈpɛɹz ˈbɛnəfɪts, kɔsts, ænd ðə nidz əv ˈdɪfɹənt ɡɹups./
平衡的城市方法会比较不同群体的收益、成本和需求。
a balanced approach — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The main benefit of a thoughtful response to cities is a result that people can actually observe.
/ðə meɪn ˈbɛnəfɪt əv ə ˈθɔtfəl ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈsɪtiz ɪz ə ɹɪˈzʌlt ðæt ˈpipəl kən ˈækt͡ʃəli əbˈzɚv./
对城市做出深思熟虑的反应的主要好处是人们实际上能够观察到的结果。
benefit — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The main challenge is to respond to cities without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
主要挑战在于在别处不造成更大的问题的情况下对城市作出反应。
challenge — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Strong evidence helps people judge cities without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
强有力的证据帮助人们不依赖单一的有吸引力的故事来判断城市。
strong evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Debates about cities become difficult when people treat a partial truth as a complete explanation.
/dɪˈbeɪts əˈbaʊt ˈsɪtiz bɪˈkʌm ˈdɪfɪkʌlt wɛn ˈpipəl tɹit ə ˈpɑɹʃəl tɹuθ æz ə kəmˈplit ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən./
当人们将部分事实视为完整的解释时，关于城市的争论就会变得困难。
Debates about cities become — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A stronger position acknowledges a reasonable objection, sets clear limits, and still explains why one conclusion is preferable.
/ə ˈstɹɔŋɡɚ pəˈzɪʃən ækˈnɑlɪd͡ʒɪz ə ˈɹiznəbəl əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən, sɛts klɪɹ ˈlɪmɪts, ænd stɪl ɪkˈspleɪnz waɪ wʌn kəŋˈkluʒən ɪz ˈpɹɛfɚəbəl./
更强硬的立场承认合理的反对意见，设定明确的限制，并仍然解释为什么一个结论更可取。
A stronger position acknowledges — 保留结构，替换真实细节。This balance does not weaken the argument; it makes the judgement more precise, credible, and useful.
/ðɪs ˈbæləns dʌz nɑt ˈwikən ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt; ɪt meɪks ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt mɔɹ pɹɪˈsaɪs, ˈkɹɛdɪbəl, ænd ˈjusfəl./
这种平衡并不削弱这一论点；它使判断更加准确、可信和有用。
This balance does not — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The results indicate that the effects of cities are not identical for every group.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlts ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt ðæt ðə ɪˈfɛkts əv ˈsɪtiz ɑɹ nɑt aɪˈdɛntɪkəl fɚ ˈɛvɹi ɡɹup./
结果显示，城市对每个群体的影响并不相同。
results indicate — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Several personal and social factors contribute to how people experience cities.
/ˈsɛvɚəl ˈpɚsənəl ænd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈfæktɚz kənˈtɹɪbjut tə haʊ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈsɪtiz./
有几个个人和社会因素影响着人们对城市的体验。
contribute to — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of cities.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv ˈsɪtiz./
人们需要现实的支持来维持城市的效益和成本之间的平衡。
maintain a balance — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A serious problem involving cities may require attention from both individuals and institutions.
/ə ˈsɪɹiəs ˈpɹɑbləm ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈsɪtiz meɪ ɹɪˈkwaɪɚ əˈtɛnʃən fɹʌm boʊθ ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəlz ænd ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz./
涉及城市的严重问题可能需要个人和机构的关注。
require attention — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Available information can change how people understand and respond to cities.
/əˈveɪləbəl ˌɪnfɔɹˈmeɪʃən kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz./
可用信息可以改变人们对城市的理解和反应。
available — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A convincing view of cities gives a reason and then tests it against a concrete example.
/ə kənˈvɪnsɪŋ vju əv ˈsɪtiz ɡɪvz ə ˈɹizən ænd ðɛn tɛsts ɪt əˈɡɛnst ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl./
对城市的令人信服的看法给出了一个理由，然后用一个具体的例子来检验它。
reason — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The result matters because it shows whether a response to cities worked in practice.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt ˈmætɚz bɪˈkʌz ɪt ʃoʊz ˈwɛðɚ ə ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈsɪtiz wɚkt ɪn ˈpɹæktɪs./
其结果很重要，因为它表明对城市的反应在实践中是否有效。
result — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A positive change in cities becomes credible when people can explain how it happened.
/ə ˈpɑzɪtɪv t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ ɪn ˈsɪtiz bɪˈkʌmz ˈkɹɛdɪbəl wɛn ˈpipəl kən ɪkˈspleɪn haʊ ɪt ˈhæpənd./
当人们能够解释城市的积极变化是如何发生的时，城市的积极变化就会变得可信。
positive change — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Practical support can help people respond to cities without removing individual responsibility.
/ˈpɹæktɪkəl səˈpɔɹt kən hɛlp ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈmuvɪŋ ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəl ɹiˌspɑnsɪˈbɪləti./
实际支持可以帮助人们对城市做出反应，同时又不免除个人责任。
support — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The effect of cities may vary according to a person's needs, resources, and circumstances.
/ðə ɪˈfɛkt əv ˈsɪtiz meɪ ˈvɛɹi əˈkɔɹdɪŋ tə ə ˈpɚsənz nidz, ˈɹisɔɹsɪz, ænd ˈsɚkəmˌstænsɪz./
城市的影响可能因人的需要、资源和情况而异。
effect — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The most practical lesson is that cities should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt ˈsɪtiz ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
最实际的教训是，应该通过实际效果而不是有吸引力的口号来判断城市。
rather than — 保留结构，替换真实细节。If new evidence challenges the first judgement, changing the judgement is a sign of careful thinking rather than failure.
/ɪf nju ˈɛvədəns ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒɪz ðə fɚst ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt, ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɪŋ ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt ɪz ə saɪn əv ˈkɛɹfəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ˈɹæðɚ ðən ˈfeɪljɚ./
如果新的证据挑战了最初的判断，改变判断是仔细思考的标志，而不是失败的标志。
evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
好的决定会把明确目标、事实证据、人的真实经验，以及修正薄弱方案的意愿联系起来。
approach — 保留结构，替换真实细节。When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
当这些部分保持连贯时，无论日常交流还是 IELTS 回答，这个主题都会更容易展开。
When those parts stay — 保留结构，替换真实细节。My city opened a new metro line, cutting one commuter's journey from seventy minutes to forty.
/maɪ ˈsɪti ˈoʊpənd ə nju ˈmɛtɹoʊ laɪn, ˈkʌtɪŋ wʌn kəˈmjutɚz ˈd͡ʒɚni fɹʌm ˈsɛvənti ˈmɪnɪts tə ˈfɔɹti./
At first, this looked like a small decision about cities, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt ˈsɪtiz, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
The case raises a broader question: how density creates both opportunity and pressure.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ ˈdɛnsɪti kɹiˈeɪts boʊθ ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti ænd ˈpɹɛʃɚ./
Although the first result was positive, the team waited until more evidence became available.
/ɔlˈðoʊ ðə fɚst ɹɪˈzʌlt wəz ˈpɑzɪtɪv, ðə tim ˈweɪtɪd ʌnˈtɪl mɔɹ ˈɛvədəns bɪˈkeɪm əˈveɪləbəl./
The example draws attention to an urban area, which can shape how people respond to cities.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ən ˈɚbən ˈɛɹiə, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz./
A closer look at a traffic congestion reveals a practical side of cities that general opinions often miss.
/ə ˈkloʊsɚ lʊk æt ə ˈtɹæfɪk kənˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən ɹɪˈvilz ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl saɪd əv ˈsɪtiz ðæt ˈd͡ʒɛnɚəl əˈpɪnjənz ˈɔftən mɪs./
One key factor can explain why people experience cities in different ways.
/wʌn ki ˈfæktɚ kən ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈsɪtiz ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz./
Values, resources, and past experience can influence behaviour related to cities.
/ˈvæljuz, ˈɹisɔɹsɪz, ænd pæst ɪkˈspɪɹiəns kən ˈɪnfluəns bɪˈheɪvjɚ ɹɪˈleɪtɪd tə ˈsɪtiz./
A long-term consequence of cities may be less visible than the immediate result.
/ə lɔŋ tɚm ˈkɑnsəkwəns əv ˈsɪtiz meɪ bi lɛs ˈvɪzɪbəl ðən ðə ɪˈmidiɪt ɹɪˈzʌlt./
A balanced approach to cities compares benefits, costs, and the needs of different groups.
/ə ˈbælənst əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ tə ˈsɪtiz kəmˈpɛɹz ˈbɛnəfɪts, kɔsts, ænd ðə nidz əv ˈdɪfɹənt ɡɹups./
The main benefit of a thoughtful response to cities is a result that people can actually observe.
/ðə meɪn ˈbɛnəfɪt əv ə ˈθɔtfəl ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈsɪtiz ɪz ə ɹɪˈzʌlt ðæt ˈpipəl kən ˈækt͡ʃəli əbˈzɚv./
The main challenge is to respond to cities without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
Strong evidence helps people judge cities without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
Debates about cities become difficult when people treat a partial truth as a complete explanation.
/dɪˈbeɪts əˈbaʊt ˈsɪtiz bɪˈkʌm ˈdɪfɪkʌlt wɛn ˈpipəl tɹit ə ˈpɑɹʃəl tɹuθ æz ə kəmˈplit ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən./
A stronger position acknowledges a reasonable objection, sets clear limits, and still explains why one conclusion is preferable.
/ə ˈstɹɔŋɡɚ pəˈzɪʃən ækˈnɑlɪd͡ʒɪz ə ˈɹiznəbəl əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən, sɛts klɪɹ ˈlɪmɪts, ænd stɪl ɪkˈspleɪnz waɪ wʌn kəŋˈkluʒən ɪz ˈpɹɛfɚəbəl./
This balance does not weaken the argument; it makes the judgement more precise, credible, and useful.
/ðɪs ˈbæləns dʌz nɑt ˈwikən ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt; ɪt meɪks ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt mɔɹ pɹɪˈsaɪs, ˈkɹɛdɪbəl, ænd ˈjusfəl./
The results indicate that the effects of cities are not identical for every group.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlts ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt ðæt ðə ɪˈfɛkts əv ˈsɪtiz ɑɹ nɑt aɪˈdɛntɪkəl fɚ ˈɛvɹi ɡɹup./
Several personal and social factors contribute to how people experience cities.
/ˈsɛvɚəl ˈpɚsənəl ænd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈfæktɚz kənˈtɹɪbjut tə haʊ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈsɪtiz./
People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of cities.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv ˈsɪtiz./
A serious problem involving cities may require attention from both individuals and institutions.
/ə ˈsɪɹiəs ˈpɹɑbləm ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈsɪtiz meɪ ɹɪˈkwaɪɚ əˈtɛnʃən fɹʌm boʊθ ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəlz ænd ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz./
Available information can change how people understand and respond to cities.
/əˈveɪləbəl ˌɪnfɔɹˈmeɪʃən kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz./
A convincing view of cities gives a reason and then tests it against a concrete example.
/ə kənˈvɪnsɪŋ vju əv ˈsɪtiz ɡɪvz ə ˈɹizən ænd ðɛn tɛsts ɪt əˈɡɛnst ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl./
The result matters because it shows whether a response to cities worked in practice.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt ˈmætɚz bɪˈkʌz ɪt ʃoʊz ˈwɛðɚ ə ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈsɪtiz wɚkt ɪn ˈpɹæktɪs./
A positive change in cities becomes credible when people can explain how it happened.
/ə ˈpɑzɪtɪv t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ ɪn ˈsɪtiz bɪˈkʌmz ˈkɹɛdɪbəl wɛn ˈpipəl kən ɪkˈspleɪn haʊ ɪt ˈhæpənd./
Practical support can help people respond to cities without removing individual responsibility.
/ˈpɹæktɪkəl səˈpɔɹt kən hɛlp ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈsɪtiz wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈmuvɪŋ ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəl ɹiˌspɑnsɪˈbɪləti./
The effect of cities may vary according to a person's needs, resources, and circumstances.
/ðə ɪˈfɛkt əv ˈsɪtiz meɪ ˈvɛɹi əˈkɔɹdɪŋ tə ə ˈpɚsənz nidz, ˈɹisɔɹsɪz, ænd ˈsɚkəmˌstænsɪz./
The most practical lesson is that cities should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt ˈsɪtiz ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
If new evidence challenges the first judgement, changing the judgement is a sign of careful thinking rather than failure.
/ɪf nju ˈɛvədəns ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒɪz ðə fɚst ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt, ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɪŋ ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt ɪz ə saɪn əv ˈkɛɹfəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ˈɹæðɚ ðən ˈfeɪljɚ./
Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
02 · Vocabulary
n./phrase · 城市的
a key idea used when discussing cities
urban area
n./phrase · 拥堵
a key idea used when discussing cities
traffic congestion
n. · 因素
one of the things that causes a result
a key factor
n./v. · 影响
the power to affect a person or event
influence behaviour
n. · 后果
a result of an action or condition
long-term consequence
n./v. · 方法；处理
a way of dealing with something
a balanced approach
n./v. · 益处
a helpful or positive effect
bring benefits
n./v. · 挑战
a difficult task that tests ability
face a challenge
n. · 证据
facts that support a claim
strong evidence
v. · 表明
to show that something is true
results indicate
v. · 促成；贡献
to help cause or achieve something
contribute to
v. · 维持
to keep something at the same level
maintain a balance
v. · 需要
to need something
require attention
adj. · 可获得的
ready to be used or obtained
widely available
n. · 原因
a cause or explanation
give a reason
n. · 结果
something that happens because of an action
as a result
n./v. · 改变
to become different
positive change
n./v. · 支持
help that makes something possible
support an idea
n. · 影响；结果
a change caused by something
have an effect on
03 · Chunks
urban area城市的；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。traffic congestion拥堵；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。a key factor因素；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。influence behaviour影响；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。long-term consequence后果；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。a balanced approach方法；处理；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。bring benefits益处；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。face a challenge挑战；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。04 · Grammar
这个结构负责把事实、原因、条件或立场组织成一个边界清楚的复杂句。
结构：main clause + logical relationship + supporting clause
原文证据：Although the first result was positive, the team waited until more evidence became available.
常见错误：先保证两个分句都完整，再追求句式复杂度；不要用连接词拼接残句。
你的替换：保留结构，把主题换成自己的工作、生活或学习经历。
05 · Pronunciation
练法：慢读单词 → 读完整搭配 → 回到原句；每一步只录一遍，听完再修正。
06 · Spiral review
Day 287、Day 285、Day 281、Day 274、Day 258
07 · Speak with AI
你是我的一对一英语口语教练。今天是 Day 288，主题是 cities，程度目标是 B2+。
先让我用自己的话复述今天的文章；一次只问一个问题，并等待我回答。
如果我卡住，只给 2–4 个关键词或一个句首，不要直接给完整答案。
请引导我使用这些词：urban, congestion, factor, influence, consequence, approach, benefit, challenge, evidence, indicate。
我的回答至少包含：一个事实、一个原因、一个具体例子、一个结果或判断。
每轮结束后只纠正最影响理解的 1 个语法问题和 1 个发音问题，然后让我重新回答同一个问题。
最后让我脱稿回答：How is cities connected to your real life, and what have you learned from it?
结束时用中文列出：做得好的证据、需要修正的两点、三个可复用句型、明天应复习的内容。08 · Imitation
必须回收
urban, congestion, factor, influence, consequence, approach, benefit, challenge, evidence, indicate09 · Three-hour path