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01 · Anchor passage
My neighbourhood added benches and clearer signs so older residents could walk independently.
/maɪ ˈneɪbɚˌhʊd ˈædɪd ˈbɛnt͡ʃɪz ænd ˈklɪɹɚ saɪnz soʊ ˈoʊldɚ ˈɹɛzɪdənts kʊd wɔk ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli./
我的社区增加了长凳和更清晰的标志，以便老年居民可以独立行走。
My neighbourhood added benches — 保留结构，替换真实细节。At first, this looked like a small decision about older people, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
起初，这看起来像是一个关于老年人的小决定，但其结果很快就显现出来了。
At first — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The case raises a broader question: how communities can protect dignity and independence in later life.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ kəˈmjunɪtiz kən pɹəˈtɛkt ˈdɪɡnəti ænd ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns ɪn ˈleɪtɚ laɪf./
该案提出了一个更广泛的问题：社区如何在后世保护尊严和独立。
independence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The team collected evidence to understand older people more accurately.
/ðə tim kəˈlɛktɪd ˈɛvədəns tə ˌʌndɚˈstænd ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl mɔɹ ˈækjɚɪtli./
该小组收集证据，以便更准确地了解老年人。
evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The example draws attention to an ageing population, which can shape how people respond to older people.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ən ˈeɪd͡ʒɪŋ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
这个例子提请人们注意人口老龄化，这可以决定人们如何应对老年人。
ageing population — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People can maintain independence when a real situation involving older people requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən meɪnˈteɪn ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
当涉及老年人的实际情况需要采取行动时，人们可以保持独立。
maintain independence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Although one response may help, no single solution will suit every person.
/ɔlˈðoʊ wʌn ɹɪˈspɑns meɪ hɛlp, noʊ ˈsɪŋɡəl səˈluʃən wɪl sut ˈɛvɹi ˈpɚsən./
尽管一种回应可能会有所帮助，但没有一种解决方案适合所有人。
although — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A balanced discussion of older people should include an example, a limitation, and a conclusion.
/ə ˈbælənst dɪˈskʌʃən əv ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪŋˈklud ən ɪɡˈzæmpəl, ə ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən, ænd ə kəŋˈkluʒən./
对老年人的平衡讨论应包括示例、限制和结论。
include an example — 保留结构，替换真实细节。When discussing older people, people should explain why an important effect matters.
/wɛn dɪˈskʌsɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ən ɪmˈpɔɹtənt ɪˈfɛkt ˈmætɚz./
在讨论老年人时，人们应该解释为什么重要的影响很重要。
important — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The case shows why a possible solution matters when people make decisions about older people.
/ðə keɪs ʃoʊz waɪ ə ˈpɑsəbəl səˈluʃən ˈmætɚz wɛn ˈpipəl meɪk dɪˈsɪʒənz əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
案件表明，当人们就老年人作出决定时，可能的解决办法为何重要。
possible — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People can avoid a mistake when a real situation involving older people requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən əˈvɔɪd ə mɪˈsteɪk wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
当涉及老年人的真实情况需要采取行动时，人们可以避免犯错误。
avoid a mistake — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A concrete example can provide evidence for a claim about older people.
/ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl kən pɹəˈvaɪd ˈɛvədəns fɚ ə kleɪm əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
一个具体的例子可以为有关老年人的说法提供证据。
provide evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Personal experience is a useful starting point, but evidence about older people must also include other groups and conditions.
/ˈpɚsənəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ɪz ə ˈjusfəl ˈstɑɹtɪŋ pɔɪnt, bʌt ˈɛvədəns əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl mʌst ˈɔlsoʊ ɪŋˈklud ˈʌðɚ ɡɹups ænd kənˈdɪʃənz./
个人经历是一个有用的起点，但有关老年人的证据还必须包括其他群体和条件。
include — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A single example can show that a response is possible; it cannot prove that the response will work everywhere.
/ə ˈsɪŋɡəl ɪɡˈzæmpəl kən ʃoʊ ðæt ə ɹɪˈspɑns ɪz ˈpɑsəbəl; ɪt kæˈnɑt pɹuv ðæt ðə ɹɪˈspɑns wɪl wɚk ˈɛvɹiˌwɛɹ./
一个例子就可以表明响应是可能的；它不能证明这种应对措施在任何地方都有效。
possible — 保留结构，替换真实细节。For that reason, responsible decisions define a goal, observe the result, and change direction when the evidence is weak.
/fɚ ðæt ˈɹizən, ɹiˈspɑnsɪbəl dɪˈsɪʒənz dɪˈfaɪn ə ɡoʊl, əbˈzɚv ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt, ænd t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ dɪˈɹɛkʃən wɛn ðə ˈɛvədəns ɪz wik./
因此，负责任的决策会定义目标，观察结果，并在证据薄弱时改变方向。
evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The case shows why a similar experience matters when people make decisions about older people.
/ðə keɪs ʃoʊz waɪ ə ˈsɪmɪlɚ ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈmætɚz wɛn ˈpipəl meɪk dɪˈsɪʒənz əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
案件表明，当人们就老年人作出决定时，类似的经验为何重要。
similar — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A different experience can change how people understand and respond to older people.
/ə ˈdɪfɹənt ɪkˈspɪɹiəns kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
不同的经历可以改变人们对老年人的理解和反应。
different — 保留结构，替换真实细节。When discussing older people, people should explain why a significant effect matters.
/wɛn dɪˈskʌsɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ə sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt ɪˈfɛkt ˈmætɚz./
在讨论老年人问题时，人们应该解释为什么一个重大影响很重要。
significant — 保留结构，替换真实细节。One key factor can explain why people experience older people in different ways.
/wʌn ki ˈfæktɚ kən ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz./
一个关键因素可以解释为什么人们以不同的方式体验老年人。
different — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The main benefit of a thoughtful response to older people is a result that people can actually observe.
/ðə meɪn ˈbɛnəfɪt əv ə ˈθɔtfəl ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɪz ə ɹɪˈzʌlt ðæt ˈpipəl kən ˈækt͡ʃəli əbˈzɚv./
对老年人作出深思熟虑的反应的主要好处是人们可以实际观察到的结果。
benefit — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The main challenge is to respond to older people without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
主要挑战是在别处不造成更大的问题的情况下对老年人作出反应。
challenge — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Strong evidence helps people judge older people without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
强有力的证据帮助人们在不依赖单一的有吸引力的故事的情况下判断老年人。
strong evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of older people.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
人们需要现实的支持来维持老年人的利益和成本之间的平衡。
maintain a balance — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The most practical lesson is that older people should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
最实际的教训是，应该通过实际效果而不是有吸引力的口号来判断老年人。
rather than — 保留结构，替换真实细节。This method turns passive vocabulary into usable language because each important word carries a clear job inside the argument.
/ðɪs ˈmɛθəd tɚnz ˈpæsɪv voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛɹi ˈɪntu ˈjuzəbəl ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ bɪˈkʌz it͡ʃ ɪmˈpɔɹtənt wɚd ˈkɛɹiz ə klɪɹ d͡ʒɑb ˈɪnˌsaɪd ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt./
这种方法将被动词汇转化为可用的语言，因为每个重要词在论证中都带有明确的工作。
important — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
好的决定会把明确目标、事实证据、人的真实经验，以及修正薄弱方案的意愿联系起来。
evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
当这些部分保持连贯时，无论日常交流还是 IELTS 回答，这个主题都会更容易展开。
When those parts stay — 保留结构，替换真实细节。My neighbourhood added benches and clearer signs so older residents could walk independently.
/maɪ ˈneɪbɚˌhʊd ˈædɪd ˈbɛnt͡ʃɪz ænd ˈklɪɹɚ saɪnz soʊ ˈoʊldɚ ˈɹɛzɪdənts kʊd wɔk ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli./
At first, this looked like a small decision about older people, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
The case raises a broader question: how communities can protect dignity and independence in later life.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ kəˈmjunɪtiz kən pɹəˈtɛkt ˈdɪɡnəti ænd ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns ɪn ˈleɪtɚ laɪf./
The team collected evidence to understand older people more accurately.
/ðə tim kəˈlɛktɪd ˈɛvədəns tə ˌʌndɚˈstænd ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl mɔɹ ˈækjɚɪtli./
The example draws attention to an ageing population, which can shape how people respond to older people.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ən ˈeɪd͡ʒɪŋ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
People can maintain independence when a real situation involving older people requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən meɪnˈteɪn ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
Although one response may help, no single solution will suit every person.
/ɔlˈðoʊ wʌn ɹɪˈspɑns meɪ hɛlp, noʊ ˈsɪŋɡəl səˈluʃən wɪl sut ˈɛvɹi ˈpɚsən./
A balanced discussion of older people should include an example, a limitation, and a conclusion.
/ə ˈbælənst dɪˈskʌʃən əv ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪŋˈklud ən ɪɡˈzæmpəl, ə ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən, ænd ə kəŋˈkluʒən./
When discussing older people, people should explain why an important effect matters.
/wɛn dɪˈskʌsɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ən ɪmˈpɔɹtənt ɪˈfɛkt ˈmætɚz./
The case shows why a possible solution matters when people make decisions about older people.
/ðə keɪs ʃoʊz waɪ ə ˈpɑsəbəl səˈluʃən ˈmætɚz wɛn ˈpipəl meɪk dɪˈsɪʒənz əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
People can avoid a mistake when a real situation involving older people requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən əˈvɔɪd ə mɪˈsteɪk wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
A concrete example can provide evidence for a claim about older people.
/ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl kən pɹəˈvaɪd ˈɛvədəns fɚ ə kleɪm əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
Personal experience is a useful starting point, but evidence about older people must also include other groups and conditions.
/ˈpɚsənəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ɪz ə ˈjusfəl ˈstɑɹtɪŋ pɔɪnt, bʌt ˈɛvədəns əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl mʌst ˈɔlsoʊ ɪŋˈklud ˈʌðɚ ɡɹups ænd kənˈdɪʃənz./
A single example can show that a response is possible; it cannot prove that the response will work everywhere.
/ə ˈsɪŋɡəl ɪɡˈzæmpəl kən ʃoʊ ðæt ə ɹɪˈspɑns ɪz ˈpɑsəbəl; ɪt kæˈnɑt pɹuv ðæt ðə ɹɪˈspɑns wɪl wɚk ˈɛvɹiˌwɛɹ./
For that reason, responsible decisions define a goal, observe the result, and change direction when the evidence is weak.
/fɚ ðæt ˈɹizən, ɹiˈspɑnsɪbəl dɪˈsɪʒənz dɪˈfaɪn ə ɡoʊl, əbˈzɚv ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt, ænd t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ dɪˈɹɛkʃən wɛn ðə ˈɛvədəns ɪz wik./
The case shows why a similar experience matters when people make decisions about older people.
/ðə keɪs ʃoʊz waɪ ə ˈsɪmɪlɚ ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈmætɚz wɛn ˈpipəl meɪk dɪˈsɪʒənz əˈbaʊt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
A different experience can change how people understand and respond to older people.
/ə ˈdɪfɹənt ɪkˈspɪɹiəns kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
When discussing older people, people should explain why a significant effect matters.
/wɛn dɪˈskʌsɪŋ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl, ˈpipəl ʃʊd ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ə sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt ɪˈfɛkt ˈmætɚz./
One key factor can explain why people experience older people in different ways.
/wʌn ki ˈfæktɚ kən ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɪɹiəns ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz./
The main benefit of a thoughtful response to older people is a result that people can actually observe.
/ðə meɪn ˈbɛnəfɪt əv ə ˈθɔtfəl ɹɪˈspɑns tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ɪz ə ɹɪˈzʌlt ðæt ˈpipəl kən ˈækt͡ʃəli əbˈzɚv./
The main challenge is to respond to older people without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
Strong evidence helps people judge older people without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of older people.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl./
The most practical lesson is that older people should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt ˈoʊldɚ ˈpipəl ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
This method turns passive vocabulary into usable language because each important word carries a clear job inside the argument.
/ðɪs ˈmɛθəd tɚnz ˈpæsɪv voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛɹi ˈɪntu ˈjuzəbəl ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ bɪˈkʌz it͡ʃ ɪmˈpɔɹtənt wɚd ˈkɛɹiz ə klɪɹ d͡ʒɑb ˈɪnˌsaɪd ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt./
Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
02 · Vocabulary
n./phrase · 老龄化
a key idea used when discussing older people
ageing population
n./phrase · 独立
a key idea used when discussing older people
maintain independence
conj. · 尽管
despite the fact that
although it is
v. · 包括
to contain something as a part
include an example
adj. · 重要的
having great value or influence
play an important role
adj. · 可能的
able to happen or be done
as soon as possible
v. · 避免
to prevent something from happening
avoid a mistake
v. · 提供
to give something that is needed
provide evidence
adj. · 相似的
almost the same
a similar pattern
adj. · 不同的
not the same
a different view
adj. · 显著的
important enough to be noticed
a significant increase
n. · 因素
one of the things that causes a result
a key factor
n./v. · 益处
a helpful or positive effect
bring benefits
n./v. · 挑战
a difficult task that tests ability
face a challenge
n. · 证据
facts that support a claim
strong evidence
v. · 维持
to keep something at the same level
maintain a balance
03 · Chunks
ageing population老龄化；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。maintain independence独立；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。although it is尽管；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。include an example包括；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。play an important role重要的；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。as soon as possible可能的；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。avoid a mistake避免；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。provide evidence提供；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。04 · Grammar
to + 动词常表示目的、计划或评价。
结构：verb/adjective + to + base verb
原文证据：The team collected evidence to understand older people more accurately.
常见错误：不要把 to 后动词误写成过去式或 -ing。
你的替换：保留结构，把主题换成自己的工作、生活或学习经历。
05 · Pronunciation
练法：慢读单词 → 读完整搭配 → 回到原句；每一步只录一遍，听完再修正。
06 · Spiral review
Day 191、Day 189、Day 185、Day 178、Day 162
07 · Speak with AI
你是我的一对一英语口语教练。今天是 Day 192，主题是 older people，程度目标是 B2。
先让我用自己的话复述今天的文章；一次只问一个问题，并等待我回答。
如果我卡住，只给 2–4 个关键词或一个句首，不要直接给完整答案。
请引导我使用这些词：ageing, independence, although, include, important, possible, avoid, provide, similar。
我的回答至少包含：一个事实、一个原因、一个具体例子、一个结果或判断。
每轮结束后只纠正最影响理解的 1 个语法问题和 1 个发音问题，然后让我重新回答同一个问题。
最后让我脱稿回答：How is older people connected to your real life, and what have you learned from it?
结束时用中文列出：做得好的证据、需要修正的两点、三个可复用句型、明天应复习的内容。08 · Imitation
必须回收
ageing, independence, although, include, important, possible, avoid, provide, similar09 · Three-hour path