今天先读文章。所有语法、词汇、短语和发音都从这篇文章里学，不需要先读一页操作说明。
01 · Anchor passage
A team tested a ticket machine with older passengers and enlarged the instructions after observing repeated errors.
/ə tim ˈtɛstɪd ə ˈtɪkɪt məˈʃin wɪθ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpæsənd͡ʒɚz ænd ɪnˈlɑɹd͡ʒd ðə ɪnˈstɹʌkʃənz ˈæftɚ əbˈzɚvɪŋ ɹɪˈpitɪd ˈɛɹɚz./
一个团队对老年乘客测试了售票机，并在观察到重复错误后扩大了说明。
A team tested a — 保留结构，替换真实细节。At first, this looked like a small decision about design, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
起初，这看起来像是一个关于设计的小决定，但其结果很快就变得可见。
result — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The case raises a broader question: how constraints and user needs shape useful objects.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ kənˈstɹeɪnts ænd ˈjuzɚ nidz ʃeɪp ˈjusfəl ˈɑbd͡ʒɛkts./
该案例提出了一个更广泛的问题：制约和用户需要如何塑造有用的对象。
question — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People respond to design in different ways and for different reasons.
/ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz ænd fɚ ˈdɪfɹənt ˈɹizənz./
人们出于不同的原因以不同的方式对设计做出反应。
People respond to design — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The example draws attention to a practical function, which can shape how people respond to design.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈfʌŋkʃən, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn./
这个例子提醒人们注意一个实用的功能，它可以塑造人们如何应对设计。
practical function — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A closer look at a visual aesthetic reveals a practical side of design that general opinions often miss.
/ə ˈkloʊsɚ lʊk æt ə ˈvɪʒuəl ɛsˈθɛtɪk ɹɪˈvilz ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl saɪd əv dɪˈzaɪn ðæt ˈd͡ʒɛnɚəl əˈpɪnjənz ˈɔftən mɪs./
仔细观察视觉美学，可以发现一般观点经常忽略的设计实用性的一面。
visual aesthetic — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Without considering an income disparity, an important part of the discussion about design would remain incomplete.
/wɪˈðaʊt kənˈsɪdɚɪŋ ən ˈɪŋˌkʌm dɪˈspɛɹəti, ən ɪmˈpɔɹtənt pɑɹt əv ðə dɪˈskʌʃən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn wʊd ɹɪˈmeɪn ɪŋkəmˈplit./
如果不考虑收入差距，关于设计的讨论的一个重要部分将仍然不完整。
income disparity — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Several social and practical factors may account for the different experiences.
/ˈsɛvɚəl ˈsoʊʃəl ænd ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈfæktɚz meɪ əˈkaʊnt fɚ ðə ˈdɪfɹənt ɪkˈspɪɹiənsɪz./
一些社会和实际因素可能会导致不同的经历。
account for — 保留结构，替换真实细节。To some extent, progress depends on choices that individuals can control.
/tə sʌm ɪkˈstɛnt, ˈpɹɑɡɹɛs dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ˈt͡ʃɔɪsɪz ðæt ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəlz kən kənˈtɹoʊl./
在某种程度上，进展取决于个人能够控制的选择。
to some extent — 保留结构，替换真实细节。In the long run, a response succeeds only if people can maintain it.
/ɪn ðə lɔŋ ɹʌn, ə ɹɪˈspɑns səkˈsidz ˈoʊnli ɪf ˈpipəl kən meɪnˈteɪn ɪt./
从长远来看，只有人们能够维持响应，响应才会成功。
in the long run — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Clear information can play a pivotal role in making a better decision.
/klɪɹ ˌɪnfɔɹˈmeɪʃən kən pleɪ ə ˈpɪvətəl ɹoʊl ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈbɛtɚ dɪˈsɪʒən./
清晰的信息可以在做出更好的决策中发挥关键作用。
play a pivotal role in — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A fair discussion also addresses the counterargument that the same policy may not suit every community.
/ə fɛɹ dɪˈskʌʃən ˈɔlsoʊ əˈdɹɛsɪz ðə ˈkaʊntɚˌɑɹɡjəmənt ðæt ðə seɪm ˈpɑlɪsi meɪ nɑt sut ˈɛvɹi kəˈmjunɪti./
公平的讨论还解决了同样的政策可能并不适合每个社区的反驳。
counterargument — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People usually notice the value of design only after a real event changes their routine.
/ˈpipəl ˈjuʒəli ˈnoʊtɪs ðə ˈvælju əv dɪˈzaɪn ˈoʊnli ˈæftɚ ə ɹil ɪˈvɛnt ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɪz ðɛɹ ɹuˈtin./
人们通常只有在真实事件改变他们的日常生活之后才会注意到设计的价值。
usually — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A clear explanation can change how people understand and respond to design.
/ə klɪɹ ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn./
清晰的解释可以改变人们对设计的理解和反应。
clear — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Debates about design become difficult when people treat a partial truth as a complete explanation.
/dɪˈbeɪts əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌm ˈdɪfɪkʌlt wɛn ˈpipəl tɹit ə ˈpɑɹʃəl tɹuθ æz ə kəmˈplit ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən./
当人们将部分事实视为完整的解释时，有关设计的争论就会变得困难。
Debates about design become — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A stronger position acknowledges a reasonable objection, sets clear limits, and still explains why one conclusion is preferable.
/ə ˈstɹɔŋɡɚ pəˈzɪʃən ækˈnɑlɪd͡ʒɪz ə ˈɹiznəbəl əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən, sɛts klɪɹ ˈlɪmɪts, ænd stɪl ɪkˈspleɪnz waɪ wʌn kəŋˈkluʒən ɪz ˈpɹɛfɚəbəl./
更强硬的立场承认合理的反对意见，设定明确的限制，并仍然解释为什么一个结论更可取。
clear — 保留结构，替换真实细节。This balance does not weaken the argument; it makes the judgement more precise, credible, and useful.
/ðɪs ˈbæləns dʌz nɑt ˈwikən ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt; ɪt meɪks ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt mɔɹ pɹɪˈsaɪs, ˈkɹɛdɪbəl, ænd ˈjusfəl./
这种平衡并不削弱这一论点；它使判断更加准确、可信和有用。
This balance does not — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A useful question about design focuses on what happened, why it matters, and what should happen next.
/ə ˈjusfəl ˈkwɛst͡ʃən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn ˈfoʊkəsɪz ɔn wʌt ˈhæpənd, waɪ ɪt ˈmætɚz, ænd wʌt ʃʊd ˈhæpən nɛkst./
关于设计的一个有用的问题集中在发生了什么、为什么重要以及接下来应该发生什么。
question — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A concrete example of design makes the central idea easier to understand and evaluate.
/ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl əv dɪˈzaɪn meɪks ðə ˈsɛntɹəl aɪˈdiə ˈiziɚ tə ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt./
具体的设计示例使中心思想更容易理解和评估。
example — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The meaning of design becomes clearer when people connect it to a real experience.
/ðə ˈminɪŋ əv dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌmz ˈklɪɹɚ wɛn ˈpipəl kəˈnɛkt ɪt tə ə ɹil ɪkˈspɪɹiəns./
当人们把设计与真实的经验联系起来时，设计的意义就变得更加明确。
meaning — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People can describe an experience when a real situation involving design requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən dɪˈskɹaɪb ən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ dɪˈzaɪn ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
当涉及设计的真实情况需要采取行动时，人们可以描述一种体验。
describe an experience — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People can compare two responses to design only when they use the same criteria.
/ˈpipəl kən kəmˈpɛɹ tu ɹɪˈspɑnsɪz tə dɪˈzaɪn ˈoʊnli wɛn ðeɪ juz ðə seɪm kɹaɪˈtɪɹiə./
人们只有在使用相同的标准时才能比较两种设计反应。
compare — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A convincing view of design gives a reason and then tests it against a concrete example.
/ə kənˈvɪnsɪŋ vju əv dɪˈzaɪn ɡɪvz ə ˈɹizən ænd ðɛn tɛsts ɪt əˈɡɛnst ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl./
令人信服的设计观点给出了一个理由，然后根据具体的例子进行测试。
example — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The main challenge is to respond to design without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
主要挑战在于在别处不造成更大的问题的情况下对设计作出反应。
challenge — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Strong evidence helps people judge design without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ dɪˈzaɪn wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
有力的证据帮助人们在不依赖单一的有吸引力的故事的情况下判断设计。
strong evidence — 保留结构，替换真实细节。People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of design.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv dɪˈzaɪn./
人们需要现实的支持来维持设计的收益和成本之间的平衡。
maintain a balance — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The result matters because it shows whether a response to design worked in practice.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt ˈmætɚz bɪˈkʌz ɪt ʃoʊz ˈwɛðɚ ə ɹɪˈspɑns tə dɪˈzaɪn wɚkt ɪn ˈpɹæktɪs./
其结果很重要，因为它表明对设计的反应在实践中是否有效。
result — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A positive change in design becomes credible when people can explain how it happened.
/ə ˈpɑzɪtɪv t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ ɪn dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌmz ˈkɹɛdɪbəl wɛn ˈpipəl kən ɪkˈspleɪn haʊ ɪt ˈhæpənd./
当人们能够解释设计的积极变化是如何发生的时，设计的积极变化就会变得可信。
positive change — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The most practical lesson is that design should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt dɪˈzaɪn ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
最实际的教训是，应该通过实际效果而不是有吸引力的口号来判断设计。
rather than — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Cost, access, time, and trust may alter the outcome even when the original idea appears sensible.
/kɔst, ˈækˌsɛs, taɪm, ænd tɹʌst meɪ ˈɔltɚ ðə ˈaʊtˌkʌm ˈivən wɛn ðə ɚˈɪd͡ʒənəl aɪˈdiə əˈpɪɹz ˈsɛnsɪbəl./
即使最初的想法看起来很合理，成本、访问、时间和信任也可能会改变结果。
even when — 保留结构，替换真实细节。The people most affected should be heard before a convenient solution is presented as a universal answer.
/ðə ˈpipəl moʊst əˈfɛktɪd ʃʊd bi hɚd bɪˈfɔɹ ə kənˈvinjənt səˈluʃən ɪz pɹɪˈzɛntɪd æz ə ˌjunəˈvɚsəl ˈænsɚ./
在提出一个方便的解决办法作为普遍答案之前，应听取受影响最大的人民的意见。
The people most affected — 保留结构，替换真实细节。Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
好的决定会把明确目标、事实证据、人的真实经验，以及修正薄弱方案的意愿联系起来。
clear — 保留结构，替换真实细节。When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
当这些部分保持连贯时，无论日常交流还是 IELTS 回答，这个主题都会更容易展开。
When those parts stay — 保留结构，替换真实细节。A team tested a ticket machine with older passengers and enlarged the instructions after observing repeated errors.
/ə tim ˈtɛstɪd ə ˈtɪkɪt məˈʃin wɪθ ˈoʊldɚ ˈpæsənd͡ʒɚz ænd ɪnˈlɑɹd͡ʒd ðə ɪnˈstɹʌkʃənz ˈæftɚ əbˈzɚvɪŋ ɹɪˈpitɪd ˈɛɹɚz./
At first, this looked like a small decision about design, but its result soon became visible.
/æt fɚst, ðɪs lʊkt laɪk ə smɔl dɪˈsɪʒən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn, bʌt ɪts ɹɪˈzʌlt sun bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪzɪbəl./
The case raises a broader question: how constraints and user needs shape useful objects.
/ðə keɪs ˈɹeɪzɪz ə ˈbɹɔdɚ ˈkwɛst͡ʃən: haʊ kənˈstɹeɪnts ænd ˈjuzɚ nidz ʃeɪp ˈjusfəl ˈɑbd͡ʒɛkts./
People respond to design in different ways and for different reasons.
/ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn ɪn ˈdɪfɹənt weɪz ænd fɚ ˈdɪfɹənt ˈɹizənz./
The example draws attention to a practical function, which can shape how people respond to design.
/ðə ɪɡˈzæmpəl dɹɔz əˈtɛnʃən tə ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈfʌŋkʃən, wɪt͡ʃ kən ʃeɪp haʊ ˈpipəl ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn./
A closer look at a visual aesthetic reveals a practical side of design that general opinions often miss.
/ə ˈkloʊsɚ lʊk æt ə ˈvɪʒuəl ɛsˈθɛtɪk ɹɪˈvilz ə ˈpɹæktɪkəl saɪd əv dɪˈzaɪn ðæt ˈd͡ʒɛnɚəl əˈpɪnjənz ˈɔftən mɪs./
Without considering an income disparity, an important part of the discussion about design would remain incomplete.
/wɪˈðaʊt kənˈsɪdɚɪŋ ən ˈɪŋˌkʌm dɪˈspɛɹəti, ən ɪmˈpɔɹtənt pɑɹt əv ðə dɪˈskʌʃən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn wʊd ɹɪˈmeɪn ɪŋkəmˈplit./
Several social and practical factors may account for the different experiences.
/ˈsɛvɚəl ˈsoʊʃəl ænd ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈfæktɚz meɪ əˈkaʊnt fɚ ðə ˈdɪfɹənt ɪkˈspɪɹiənsɪz./
To some extent, progress depends on choices that individuals can control.
/tə sʌm ɪkˈstɛnt, ˈpɹɑɡɹɛs dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ˈt͡ʃɔɪsɪz ðæt ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒuəlz kən kənˈtɹoʊl./
In the long run, a response succeeds only if people can maintain it.
/ɪn ðə lɔŋ ɹʌn, ə ɹɪˈspɑns səkˈsidz ˈoʊnli ɪf ˈpipəl kən meɪnˈteɪn ɪt./
Clear information can play a pivotal role in making a better decision.
/klɪɹ ˌɪnfɔɹˈmeɪʃən kən pleɪ ə ˈpɪvətəl ɹoʊl ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈbɛtɚ dɪˈsɪʒən./
A fair discussion also addresses the counterargument that the same policy may not suit every community.
/ə fɛɹ dɪˈskʌʃən ˈɔlsoʊ əˈdɹɛsɪz ðə ˈkaʊntɚˌɑɹɡjəmənt ðæt ðə seɪm ˈpɑlɪsi meɪ nɑt sut ˈɛvɹi kəˈmjunɪti./
People usually notice the value of design only after a real event changes their routine.
/ˈpipəl ˈjuʒəli ˈnoʊtɪs ðə ˈvælju əv dɪˈzaɪn ˈoʊnli ˈæftɚ ə ɹil ɪˈvɛnt ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɪz ðɛɹ ɹuˈtin./
A clear explanation can change how people understand and respond to design.
/ə klɪɹ ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən kən t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ haʊ ˈpipəl ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn./
Debates about design become difficult when people treat a partial truth as a complete explanation.
/dɪˈbeɪts əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌm ˈdɪfɪkʌlt wɛn ˈpipəl tɹit ə ˈpɑɹʃəl tɹuθ æz ə kəmˈplit ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən./
A stronger position acknowledges a reasonable objection, sets clear limits, and still explains why one conclusion is preferable.
/ə ˈstɹɔŋɡɚ pəˈzɪʃən ækˈnɑlɪd͡ʒɪz ə ˈɹiznəbəl əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən, sɛts klɪɹ ˈlɪmɪts, ænd stɪl ɪkˈspleɪnz waɪ wʌn kəŋˈkluʒən ɪz ˈpɹɛfɚəbəl./
This balance does not weaken the argument; it makes the judgement more precise, credible, and useful.
/ðɪs ˈbæləns dʌz nɑt ˈwikən ðə ˈɑɹɡjəmənt; ɪt meɪks ðə ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒmənt mɔɹ pɹɪˈsaɪs, ˈkɹɛdɪbəl, ænd ˈjusfəl./
A useful question about design focuses on what happened, why it matters, and what should happen next.
/ə ˈjusfəl ˈkwɛst͡ʃən əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪn ˈfoʊkəsɪz ɔn wʌt ˈhæpənd, waɪ ɪt ˈmætɚz, ænd wʌt ʃʊd ˈhæpən nɛkst./
A concrete example of design makes the central idea easier to understand and evaluate.
/ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl əv dɪˈzaɪn meɪks ðə ˈsɛntɹəl aɪˈdiə ˈiziɚ tə ˌʌndɚˈstænd ænd ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt./
The meaning of design becomes clearer when people connect it to a real experience.
/ðə ˈminɪŋ əv dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌmz ˈklɪɹɚ wɛn ˈpipəl kəˈnɛkt ɪt tə ə ɹil ɪkˈspɪɹiəns./
People can describe an experience when a real situation involving design requires action.
/ˈpipəl kən dɪˈskɹaɪb ən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns wɛn ə ɹil ˌsɪt͡ʃuˈeɪʃən ɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ dɪˈzaɪn ɹiˈkwaɪɚz ˈækʃən./
People can compare two responses to design only when they use the same criteria.
/ˈpipəl kən kəmˈpɛɹ tu ɹɪˈspɑnsɪz tə dɪˈzaɪn ˈoʊnli wɛn ðeɪ juz ðə seɪm kɹaɪˈtɪɹiə./
A convincing view of design gives a reason and then tests it against a concrete example.
/ə kənˈvɪnsɪŋ vju əv dɪˈzaɪn ɡɪvz ə ˈɹizən ænd ðɛn tɛsts ɪt əˈɡɛnst ə ˈkɑŋkɹit ɪɡˈzæmpəl./
The main challenge is to respond to design without creating a larger problem elsewhere.
/ðə meɪn ˈt͡ʃælɪnd͡ʒ ɪz tə ɹɪˈspɑnd tə dɪˈzaɪn wɪˈðaʊt kɹiˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈlɑɹd͡ʒɚ ˈpɹɑbləm ˈɛlˌswɛɹ./
Strong evidence helps people judge design without relying on a single attractive story.
/stɹɔŋ ˈɛvədəns hɛlps ˈpipəl d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ dɪˈzaɪn wɪˈðaʊt ɹiˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɪŋɡəl əˈtɹæktɪv ˈstɔɹi./
People need realistic support to maintain a balance between the benefits and costs of design.
/ˈpipəl nid ˌɹiəˈlɪstɪk səˈpɔɹt tə meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbæləns bɪˈtwin ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts ænd kɔsts əv dɪˈzaɪn./
The result matters because it shows whether a response to design worked in practice.
/ðə ɹɪˈzʌlt ˈmætɚz bɪˈkʌz ɪt ʃoʊz ˈwɛðɚ ə ɹɪˈspɑns tə dɪˈzaɪn wɚkt ɪn ˈpɹæktɪs./
A positive change in design becomes credible when people can explain how it happened.
/ə ˈpɑzɪtɪv t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ ɪn dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkʌmz ˈkɹɛdɪbəl wɛn ˈpipəl kən ɪkˈspleɪn haʊ ɪt ˈhæpənd./
The most practical lesson is that design should be judged through real effects rather than attractive slogans.
/ðə moʊst ˈpɹæktɪkəl ˈlɛsən ɪz ðæt dɪˈzaɪn ʃʊd bi d͡ʒʌd͡ʒd θɹu ɹil ɪˈfɛkts ˈɹæðɚ ðən əˈtɹæktɪv ˈsloʊɡənz./
Cost, access, time, and trust may alter the outcome even when the original idea appears sensible.
/kɔst, ˈækˌsɛs, taɪm, ænd tɹʌst meɪ ˈɔltɚ ðə ˈaʊtˌkʌm ˈivən wɛn ðə ɚˈɪd͡ʒənəl aɪˈdiə əˈpɪɹz ˈsɛnsɪbəl./
The people most affected should be heard before a convenient solution is presented as a universal answer.
/ðə ˈpipəl moʊst əˈfɛktɪd ʃʊd bi hɚd bɪˈfɔɹ ə kənˈvinjənt səˈluʃən ɪz pɹɪˈzɛntɪd æz ə ˌjunəˈvɚsəl ˈænsɚ./
Good decisions connect a clear purpose with evidence, human experience, and the willingness to revise a weak approach.
/ɡʊd dɪˈsɪʒənz kəˈnɛkt ə klɪɹ ˈpɚpəs wɪθ ˈɛvədəns, ˈhjumən ɪkˈspɪɹiəns, ænd ðə ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tə ɹɪˈvaɪz ə wik əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ./
When those parts stay connected, the topic becomes easier to discuss in daily conversation and in an IELTS answer.
/wɛn ðoʊz pɑɹts steɪ kəˈnɛktɪd, ðə ˈtɑpɪk bɪˈkʌmz ˈiziɚ tə dɪˈskʌs ɪn ˈdeɪli ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən ænd ɪn ən aɪ ɛl ti ɛs ˈænsɚ./
02 · Vocabulary
n./phrase · 功能
a key idea used when discussing design
practical function
n./phrase · 审美
a key idea used when discussing design
visual aesthetic
n. · 差距
a noticeable and often unfair difference
income disparity
phr. v. · 解释；占比
to explain or form a particular amount
account for the change
phrase · 在某种程度上
partly but not completely
agree to some extent
phrase · 从长远看
over a long period of time
benefit in the long run
phrase · 发挥关键作用
to be extremely important in a process
play a pivotal role in
n. · 反方论点
an argument against another argument
address a counterargument
adv. · 通常
in the way that happens most often
usually study
adj. · 清楚的
easy to hear or understand
a clear answer
n. · 问题
a sentence that asks for information
ask a question
n. · 例子
something that shows what you mean
give an example
n. · 意思
the idea expressed by a word
guess the meaning
v. · 描述
to say what someone or something is like
describe an experience
v. · 比较
to examine how things are similar or different
compare two options
n. · 原因
a cause or explanation
give a reason
n./v. · 挑战
a difficult task that tests ability
face a challenge
n. · 证据
facts that support a claim
strong evidence
v. · 维持
to keep something at the same level
maintain a balance
n. · 结果
something that happens because of an action
as a result
n./v. · 改变
to become different
positive change
03 · Chunks
practical function功能；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。visual aesthetic审美；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。income disparity差距；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。account for the change解释；占比；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。agree to some extent在某种程度上；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。benefit in the long run从长远看；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。play a pivotal role in发挥关键作用；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。address a counterargument反方论点；保留结构，替换一个真实细节。04 · Grammar
介词说明时间、地点、方式或关系。
结构：preposition + noun phrase
原文证据：People respond to design in different ways and for different reasons.
常见错误：优先把介词和名词作为搭配一起记。
你的替换：保留结构，把主题换成自己的工作、生活或学习经历。
05 · Pronunciation
练法：慢读单词 → 读完整搭配 → 回到原句；每一步只录一遍，听完再修正。
06 · Spiral review
Day 358、Day 356、Day 352、Day 345、Day 329
07 · Speak with AI
你是我的一对一英语口语教练。今天是 Day 359，主题是 design，程度目标是 B2→C1。
先让我用自己的话复述今天的文章；一次只问一个问题，并等待我回答。
如果我卡住，只给 2–4 个关键词或一个句首，不要直接给完整答案。
请引导我使用这些词：function, aesthetic, disparity, account for, to some extent, in the long run, play a pivotal role, counterargument, usually, clear, question。
我的回答至少包含：一个事实、一个原因、一个具体例子、一个结果或判断。
每轮结束后只纠正最影响理解的 1 个语法问题和 1 个发音问题，然后让我重新回答同一个问题。
最后让我脱稿回答：How is design connected to your real life, and what have you learned from it?
结束时用中文列出：做得好的证据、需要修正的两点、三个可复用句型、明天应复习的内容。08 · Imitation
必须回收
function, aesthetic, disparity, account for, to some extent, in the long run, play a pivotal role, counterargument, usually, clear, question09 · Three-hour path